Ginkgo Biloba: 14 Imponerende Helsemessige Fordeler, Dosering Og Bivirkninger

2024 Forfatter: Cecilia Ryder | [email protected]. Sist endret: 2023-12-17 14:22

Ginkgo biloba er en medisinsk urt innfødt i Kina. Ekstraktet av ginkgo biloba har blitt brukt i tradisjonell kinesisk urtemedisin i århundrer. Ginkgo kosttilskudd er rike på terapeutiske verdier og er forbundet med mange helsemessige fordeler. Urten har flere antiinflammatoriske og antioksidantegenskaper som kan bidra til å behandle forskjellige plager. Urten kan redusere symptomer på psykiatriske lidelser som Alzheimers og demens, behandle angst, bekjempe betennelse og støtte øyehelsen.

I denne artikkelen har vi diskutert helsemessige fordeler av ginkgo biloba i detalj, sammen med de potensielle bivirkningene. Fortsett å lese.

Innholdsfortegnelse

• Hva er fordelene med Ginkgo Biloba?
• Dosering og former for Ginkgo Biloba
• Hva er bivirkningene av Ginkgo Biloba?
• Risiko

Hva er fordelene med Ginkgo Biloba?

1. Kan redusere symptomer på psykiske lidelser

Ginkgo kan bidra til å redusere symptomer på psykiatriske lidelser som Alzheimers og demens (1). En studie utført av Beijing University of Chinese Medicine fant at ginkgo-ekstrakt kan øke funksjonelle evner hos de med Alzheimers når det brukes sammen med konvensjonell medisin (2).

En annen studie fant at ginkgo-ekstrakt var effektivt i behandlingen av symptomer assosiert med demens (3). Noen anekdotiske bevis tyder på at ginkgo også kan forbedre blodstrømmen til hjernen (4). En annen studie utført av Free University Berlin fant at ginkgo-ekstrakt kan forbedre tilstanden til personer med demens (5). Epilepsi er en vanlig årsak til alvorlige kognitive lidelser. En rotteundersøkelse uttalte at ginkgo-ekstrakt kunne forbedre kognitiv funksjon, læring og hukommelse (6).

2. Kan hjelpe til med å behandle angst

Ginkgo biloba ekstrakt kan redusere symptomene på angst og stress. Ekstraktet ble brukt i kinesisk tradisjonell urtemedisin for å behandle nevrodegenerative lidelser (7). Dyrestudier sier at antioksidantinnholdet i ginkgo biloba-ekstraktet kan bidra til å redusere angstsymptomer og andre kognitive svikt (8), (9).

I en studie rapporterte en gruppe på 107 personer behandlet med en høy dose ginkgo en reduksjon i angstsymptomer (10). Imidlertid er det behov for mer forskning for å forstå denne fordelen med ginkgo biloba ytterligere.

3. Kan bekjempe betennelse

Ginkgo har evnen til å redusere betennelse forårsaket av forskjellige forhold. En studie utført av National Taiwan University fant at ginkgo biloba-ekstrakt kan redusere betennelsesmarkører i dyre- og humane celler (11), (12), (13). Det er andre betennelsesforhold som ginkgo-ekstrakt kan hjelpe til med å behandle. Disse inkluderer:

• Leddgikt: En studie utført på rotter fant at ginkgo-ekstrakt kunne bidra til å lette leddgikt (14).
• Hjerneslag: Ginkgo biloba ekstrakt er blitt foreslått til pasienter med akutt iskemisk hjerneslag (plutselig tap av blodsirkulasjon til et område av hjernen). Urten sies å ha nevrobeskyttende egenskaper som bidrar til å forbedre kognitiv funksjon hos pasienter (15).
• Irritabel tarmsykdom (IBD): En studie utført av Cairo University fant at curcumin og ginkgo kunne være effektive i forebygging og behandling av IBD (16).

Mer antall menneskelige studier er nødvendig for å forstå rollen som ginkgo-ekstrakt i behandling av ulike plager.

4. Kan støtte øyehelsen

Noen tidlige undersøkelser sier at tilskudd med ginkgo kan øke blodstrømmen til øynene. Det kan være en potensiell behandling for glaukom. Imidlertid mangler avgjørende bevis i denne forbindelse (17). En liten studie utført av London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine fant at ginkgo-ekstrakt kan ha en gunstig effekt på synet. Ytterligere studier er berettiget (18).

Ginkgo biloba-ekstrakt har også potensial til å behandle glaukom med normal spenning (19). Mer forskning er nødvendig for å avgjøre om ginkgo virkelig er effektiv for å fremme synshelse.

5. Kan forbedre hjertehelsen

Ginkgo kan øke blodstrømmen ved å fremme utvidelse av blodkar. Det har blitt brukt i behandlingen av problemer knyttet til dårlig blodsirkulasjon. Ginkgo har evnen til å øke blodstrømmen til forskjellige deler av kroppen.

Ginkgo biloba ekstrakt (GBE) er et lovende terapeutisk middel for hjerte- og iskemiske sykdommer. Det fremmer vaskulær (av blodkar) helse (20). En studie utført av Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University fant at ginkgo-ekstrakt forbedrer kranspulsårssirkulasjonen hos pasienter med kranspulsårssykdom (21). Det viste også den samme effekten hos eldre (22). Dette ekstraktet har beskyttende effekter på hjertehelsen. Det kan også hjelpe i behandlingen av nevrologiske og kardiovaskulære sykdommer (23), (24), (25).

Ginkgo-ekstrakt kan være gunstig i behandlingen av diabetisk hjerteinfarkt (problemer knyttet til hjertemembranene) (26).

6. Kan forbedre hjernefunksjonen

Ginkgo har blitt evaluert gjentatte ganger for sin evne til å redusere angst, stress og andre symptomer assosiert med Alzheimers sykdom og aldersrelatert kognitiv tilbakegang. En studie utført av Institutt for helsevitenskap, Liberty University, fant at tilskudd med ginkgo-ekstrakt kan øke mental ytelse (27).

En annen studie utført av universitetet i München fant at urten forbedrer mental funksjon hos friske frivillige (28). Anekdotiske bevis tyder på at ginkgo kan spille en viktig rolle i å forbedre blodstrømmen til hjernen.

7. May Aid Depression Treatment

Ginkgo-ekstrakt har betennelsesdempende egenskaper som kan hjelpe til med behandling av depresjon. En studie fant at tilskudd med ginkgo-ekstrakt kan bidra til å behandle depresjonssymptomer (29). Imidlertid er mer forskning garantert i denne forbindelse.

8. Kan behandle hodepine og migrene

Ginkgo biloba kan redusere betennelse og potensielt øke blodstrømmen til hjernen. Det kan behandle visse typer hodepine og migrene. Urter som bekjemper betennelse er ganske populære i tradisjonell kinesisk medisin som behandling for migrene og hodepine (30). Imidlertid er lite forskning tilgjengelig for å støtte denne påstanden.

En studie diskuterer ginkgolid B, som er en urtebestanddel ekstrahert fra ginkgo biloba-treblader. Bestanddelen ble funnet å bidra til å forhindre migrene og hodepine i ung alder (31). En annen studie fant at ginkgolid B kan brukes til å redusere alvorlighetsgraden og hyppigheten av migrene med aura (migrene med synsforandringer) (32).

9. Kan forbedre astma- og KOLS-symptomer

The anti-inflammatory properties of ginkgo biloba extract may treat symptoms associated with respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A study conducted by Jilin University found that the anti-inflammatory compounds available in ginkgo may reduce inflammation in the airways (33). In another study, asthma patients treated with ginkgo extract showed better improvement in their condition compared to patients who received conventional medication alone (34).

In another study, a group of 100 COPD patients over 50 years of age who consumed a mixture of Chinese herbs (including ginkgo) reported a reduction in bronchitis and cough (35).

10. May Reduce PMS Symptoms

Ginkgo biloba may help reduce PMS symptoms. A study found a reduction of PMS symptoms by 23% after consuming ginkgo extract (36). Further information on the safety of the herb in this regard is needed.

Ginkgolide B has also been associated with a reduction in PMS symptoms (37).

11. May Treat Sexual Dysfunction

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) may facilitate blood flow and influence nitric oxide systems, and has a relaxant effect on smooth muscle tissue. These processes are important for sexual response in women. GBE may have the potential to boost sexual health in women (38).

A study found that ginkgo extract has the ability to improve blood levels of nitric oxide (39). This may help improve women’s sexual function too. However, we need more research to further understand this mechanism of ginkgo.

12. May Help Reduce Obesity

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) may help reduce obesity. One rat study stated that ginkgo biloba extract could be efficient in preventing and treating obesity-induced insulin signaling impairment (40). GBE may improve insulin resistance and reduce body weight gain (41). GBE may also represent a potential alternative therapy for menopause-related obesity (42).

A study found that ginkgo biloba leaves could improve blood lipid parameters. They could be used in the treatment of dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of lipids in the blood) (43). Ginkgo biloba extract reduces oxidative stress in diet-induced obese rats (44). It could also exhibit anti-obesogenic effects in white adipose tissue of rats (45).

More long-term studies are needed to understand the anti-obesogenic effects of ginkgo extract on humans.

13. May Improve Skin Health

Ginkgo biloba is said to possess anti-aging effects too. The ginkgo leaf extract contains quercetin and kaempferol (natural plant flavonoids that act as antioxidants) that help fight free radicals. They may reduce signs of skin aging. Ginkgo also had synergistic effects with green tea on improving skin barrier function and elasticity (46).

14. May Boost Hair Growth

Ginkgo biloba has been proven to potentially help slow down hair loss. It may also promote hair growth. However, these studies have been conducted on mice alone (47).

These are the benefits of ginkgo biloba. In the following section we will look at the herb’s ideal dosage.

Dosage And Forms Of Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo biloba is available in various forms such as liquid extracts, tablets, capsules, and dried leaves/tea. It seems to be most effective when taken in several doses throughout the day (total daily dosage being 120–240 mg). Ensure you do not take the raw form of ginkgo, as it can be poisonous.

Ginkgo may take up to 4 to 6 weeks to show any results. A common dose of 40 milligrams of extract three times daily is recommended to those with dementia. For improving cognitive function in healthy people, 120 milligrams to 600 milligrams of the extract may be used. These values are based on anecdotal evidence. Consult your doctor for more information.

Though ginkgo biloba is generally safe for use, it does have a few side effects that you need to keep in mind. Check them out in the next section.

What Are The Side Effects Of Ginkgo Biloba?

Excess intake of ginkgo biloba may cause several adverse effects. These may include allergies, headaches, stomach pain, diarrhea, dizziness, nausea, and some drug interactions.

In some cases, intake of the herb can cause serious harm. Individuals who are allergic to plants with alkylphenols, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and people with epilepsy should avoid intake. People who are on medications must consult with their doctor before taking ginkgo.

High exposure to ginkgo may increase the risk of breast and colorectal cancers in some individuals. Also, ginkgo does not seem to reduce the risk of other forms of cancer (48). Some anecdotal evidence suggests that ginkgo has the potential to interact with certain medications like blood thinners (aspirin, warfarin) and antidepressants.

Ginkgo biloba may also have other risks associated with it.

Risks

Ginkgo is generally considered safe for healthy people when used in limited amounts for up to six months. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn’t regulate ginkgo supplements or most other drugs that contain the herb (49).

Some anecdotal evidence suggests that ginkgo may lower blood sugar levels. Hence, use with caution if you have diabetes.

Eating raw or roasted ginkgo seeds may be poisonous and may lead to adverse effects. Research is limited here, though.

Conclusion

Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest plant species on the planet. It is said to possess several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that offer health benefits. The herb helps reduce symptoms of psychiatric disorders, treats anxiety, and fights inflammation. However, excess intake of ginkgo extract may lead to several adverse effects. Most of the research related to this herbal extract is still ongoing. Consult your doctor before including this herb into your routine.

Expert’s Answers For Readers’ Questions

Should I take ginkgo at night?

Ginkgo can stimulate your brain and keep you awake the whole night. Do not take it before sleep.

Does Ginkgo biloba cause liver damage?

Ginkgo has not been linked to liver damage. In fact, it is sometimes used to treat certain liver ailments (50).

Does Ginkgo biloba raise blood pressure?

Det er ingen undersøkelser som sier at ginkgo kan øke blodtrykket. Selv om ginkgo har vasodilaterende egenskaper, er det uklart om det kan redusere blodtrykket.

50 kilder

Stylecraze har strenge retningslinjer for innkjøp og er avhengig av fagfellevurderte studier, akademiske forskningsinstitusjoner og medisinske foreninger. Vi unngår å bruke tertiære referanser. Du kan lære mer om hvordan vi sikrer innholdet vårt er nøyaktig og oppdatert ved å lese redaksjonelle retningslinjer.

• Yuan, Qiuju, et al. “Effekter av Ginkgo Biloba på demens: En oversikt over systematiske anmeldelser.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Elsevier, 7. desember 2016.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116322590.

• Yang G, Wang Y, Sun J, Zhang K, Liu J. Ginkgo Biloba for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(5):520‐528.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26268332/

• Savaskan E, Mueller H, Hoerr R, von Gunten A, Gauthier S. Treatment effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on the spectrum of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Psychogeriatr. 2018;30(3):285‐293.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28931444/

• Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA. 1997;278(16):1327‐1332.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9343463/

• Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Hörr R. Proof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996;29(2):47‐56.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8741021/

• Chen Y, Feng Z, Shen M, et al. Insight into Ginkgo biloba L. Extract on the Improved Spatial Learning and Memory by Chemogenomics Knowledgebase, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Bioassay Validations. ACS Omega. 2020;5(5):2428‐2439. Published 2020 Jan 28.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32064403/

• Ekici-Günay, Nahide. “Ginkgo Biloba Extract as an Antioxidant in Nerve Regeneration.” Pathology, Academic Press, 1 May 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128159729000238.

• Savage K, Firth J, Stough C, Sarris J. GABA-modulating phytomedicines for anxiety: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence. Phytother Res. 2018;32(1):3‐18.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168225/

• Montes P, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Rojas C, Rojas P. Ginkgo biloba Extract 761: A Review of Basic Studies and Potential Clinical Use in Psychiatric Disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2015;14(1):132‐149.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25642989/

• Woelk H, Arnoldt KH, Kieser M, Hoerr R. Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in generalized anxiety disorder and adjustment disorder with anxious mood: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41(6):472‐480.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16808927/

• Chen YJ, Tsai KS, Chiu CY, et al. EGb761 inhibits inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes and shows chondroprotection in osteoarthritic rat knee. J Orthop Res. 2013;31(7):1032‐1038.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23483610/

• Kotakadi, Venkata S et al. “Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 has anti-inflammatory properties and ameliorates colitis in mice by driving effector T cell apoptosis.” Carcinogenesis vol. 29,9 (2008): 1799-806.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2527648/

• Zuo, Wei et al. “Advances in the Studies of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Aging-Related Diseases.” Aging and disease vol. 8,6 812-826. 1 Dec. 2017.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5758353/

• LIU, Ji-xin, and Yan-feng YANG. “Therapeutic effects of ginkgo biloba extracts on adjuvant arthritis in rats and the mechanism [J].” Chinese Journal of New Drugs 8 (2012).

  www.researchgate.net/publication/291678498_Therapeutic_effects_of_ginkgo_biloba_extracts_on_adjuvant_arthritis_in_rats_and_the_mechanism

• Chong PZ, Ng HY, Tai JT, Lee SWH. Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo biloba in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Chin Med. 2020;48(3):513‐534.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32349519/

• Motawi TK, Rizk SM, Shehata AH. Effects of curcumin and Ginkgo biloba on matrix metalloproteinases gene expression and other biomarkers of inflammatory bowel disease. J Physiol Biochem. 2012;68(4):529‐539.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22535283/

• Kang JM, Lin S. Ginkgo biloba and its potential role in glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29(2):116‐120.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29206653/

• Evans JR. Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(1):CD001775. Published 2013 Jan 31.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23440785/

• Labkovich M, Jacobs EB, Bhargava S, Pasquale LR, Ritch R. Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Ophthalmic and Systemic Disease, With a Focus on Normal-Tension Glaucoma [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 10]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2020;10.1097/APO.0000000000000279.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32282348/

• Tian J, Liu Y, Chen K. Ginkgo biloba Extract in Vascular Protection: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2017;15(6):532‐548.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28707602/

• Wu YZ, Li SQ, Zu XG, Du J, Wang FF. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary artery circulation in patients with coronary artery disease: contribution of plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1. Phytother Res. 2008;22(6):734‐739.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18446847/

• Wu Y, Li S, Cui W, Zu X, Du J, Wang F. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary blood flow in healthy elderly adults: role of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(3):164‐169.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258419/

• Yang Y, Li Y, Wang J, et al. Systematic Investigation of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves for Treating Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases in an Animal Model. ACS Chem Biol. 2017;12(5):1363‐1372.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28333443/

• Nabavi SM, Habtemariam S, Daglia M, et al. Neuroprotective Effects of Ginkgolide B Against Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Literature. Curr Top Med Chem. 2015;15(21):2222‐2232.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26059355/

• Nash, Kevin M, and Zahoor A Shah. “Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Role of Ginkgo biloba in Neurological and Cerebrovascular Disorders.” Integrative medicine insights vol. 10 1-9. 9 Nov. 2015.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640423/

• Tian, Jinfan et al. “Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract Protects against Myocardial Injury via Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic ApoE-/- Mice.” Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity vol. 2018 2370617. 25 Feb. 2018.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5845491/

• Mix JA, Crews WD Jr. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(6):267‐277.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12404671/

• Cieza A, Maier P, Pöppel E. Effects of Ginkgo biloba on mental functioning in healthy volunteers. Arch Med Res. 2003;34(5):373‐381.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14602503/

• Montes P, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Rojas C, Rojas P. Ginkgo biloba Extract 761: A Review of Basic Studies and Potential Clinical Use in Psychiatric Disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2015;14(1):132‐149.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25642989/

• Chang YY, Tsai YT, Lai JN, Yeh CH, Lin SK. The traditional Chinese medicine prescription patterns for migraine patients in Taiwan: a population-based study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(3):1209‐1217.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24389028/

• Usai, Susanna et al. “Gingkolide B as migraine preventive treatment in young age: results at 1-year follow-up.” Neurological sciences: official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology vol. 32 Suppl 1,Suppl 1 (2011): S197-9.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084934/

• D’Andrea G, Bussone G, Allais G, et al. Efficacy of Ginkgolide B in the prophylaxis of migraine with aura. Neurol Sci. 2009;30 Suppl 1:S121‐S124.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19415441/

• Chu X, Ci X, He J, et al. A novel anti-inflammatory role for ginkgolide B in asthma via inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Molecules. 2011;16(9):7634‐7648. Published 2011 Sep 6.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900866/

• Tang Y, Xu Y, Xiong S, et al. The effect of Ginkgo Biloba extract on the expression of PKCalpha in the inflammatory cells and the level of IL-5 in induced sputum of asthmatic patients. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2007;27(4):375‐380.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17828490/

• Cai, Yong et al. “Effects of Lung Support Formula on respiratory symptoms among older adults: results of a three-month follow-up study in Shanghai, China.” Nutrition journal vol. 12 57. 6 May. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698174/

• Ozgoli G, Selselei EA, Mojab F, Majd HA. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba L. in treatment of premenstrual syndrome. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(8):845‐851.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19678774/

• Allais G, Castagnoli Gabellari I, Burzio C, et al. Premenstrual syndrome and migraine. Neurol Sci. 2012;33 Suppl 1:S111‐S115.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22644184/

• Meston, Cindy M et al. “Short- and long-term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on sexual dysfunction in women.” Archives of sexual behavior vol. 37,4 (2008): 530-47.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863090/

• Wu YZ, Li SQ, Zu XG, Du J, Wang FF. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary artery circulation in patients with coronary artery disease: contribution of plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1. Phytother Res. 2008;22(6):734‐739.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18446847/

• Banin RM, Hirata BK, Andrade IS, et al. Beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on insulin signaling cascade, dyslipidemia, and body adiposity of diet-induced obese rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2014;47(9):780‐788.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075573/

• Hirata, Bruna Kelly Sousa et al. “Ginkgo biloba extract improves insulin signaling and attenuates inflammation in retroperitoneal adipose tissue depot of obese rats.” Mediators of inflammation vol. 2015 (2015): 419106.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415619/

• Banin, Renata M et al. “Ginkgo biloba Extract (GbE) Stimulates the Hypothalamic Serotonergic System and Attenuates Obesity in Ovariectomized Rats.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 8 605. 5 Sep. 2017.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5591947/

• Fan Y, Jin X, Man C, Gong D. Does Adjuvant Treatment With Ginkgo Biloba to Statins Have Additional Benefits in Patients With Dyslipidemia?. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:659. Published 2018 Jun 22.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29988404/

• Hirata, Bruna K S et al. “Ginkgo biloba Extract Modulates the Retroperitoneal Fat Depot Proteome and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Diet-Induced Obese Rats.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 10 686. 14 Jun. 2019.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587378/

• Hirata BKS, Cruz MM, de Sá RDCC, et al. Potential Anti-obesogenic Effects of Ginkgo biloba Observed in Epididymal White Adipose Tissue of Obese Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:284. Published 2019 May 10.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31133986/

• Campos PM, Gianeti MD, Mercurio DG, Gaspar LR. Synergistic effects of green tea and ginkgo biloba extracts on the improvement of skin barrier function and elasticity. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(9):1092‐1097.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25226010/

• Kobayashi N, Suzuki R, Koide C, Suzuki T, Matsuda H, Kubo M. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1993;113(10):718‐724.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8254481/

• Mei, Nan et al. “Review of Ginkgo biloba-induced toxicity, from experimental studies to human case reports.” Journal of environmental science and health. Part C, Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews vol. 35,1 (2017): 1-28.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6373469/

• Nguyen T, Alzahrani T. Ginkgo Biloba. [Updated 2020 Feb 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541024/

• Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Ginkgo. [Updated 2018 Mar 14]

  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548847/