Hva Er Bivirkningene Av Soyabønner?

2024 Forfatter: Cecilia Ryder | [email protected]. Sist endret: 2023-12-17 14:22

Soyabønner er en mye konsumert belgfrukter. Det er en stift av det asiatiske dietten og brukes som ingrediens i flere bearbeidede matvarer. Proteinet i soya (soyaprotein) kan erstatte animalske proteiner i kostholdet ditt og oppnås etter fjerning av det ytre skallet av soyabønner og deres fettsyrer (1), (2).

Selv om soyabønner er rike på næringsstoffer som kalsium, jern, sink og aminosyrer, kan de forårsake visse bivirkninger (3).

Når de konsumeres i overkant, kan de forstyrre medisiner for skjoldbruskregulering og forårsake ubalanse i testosteron, allergier og spredning av kreft.

Langvarig bruk av soyaprodukter i overkant kan også være utrygt. I dette innlegget diskuterer vi soyabønner og deres mulige bivirkninger. Fortsett å lese.

Innholdsfortegnelse

• Hva er det viktigste problemet med soyabønner?
• Hva skjer når du bruker soyabønner? Hva forårsaker bivirkningene?
• Hva er bivirkningene av soyabønner (soyaprotein)?
• Hvilke soyaprodukter bør du unngå?
• Hvor mye soya er trygt å spise på en dag?
• Er det å spise for mye soya skadelig?

Hva er det viktigste problemet med soyabønner?

Det største problemet med soyabønner er isoflavoninnholdet.

Soyabønner er reservoarer av fytoøstrogener (isoflavoner), som er strukturelt og funksjonelt lik østrogenhormonet i kroppen din (3). Isoflavoner er en klasse fytoøstrogener (også kalt soyaproteiner) som finnes i soya- og soyaprodukter. Tabellen nedenfor skal gi deg en ide om isoflavoninnholdet i forskjellige soyamat.

Gjæret soyamat	Isoflavoninnhold (mg)
soyamelk, 1 kopp	6
tofu (bønne ostemasse), myk, 3 gram	20
soyabønner, modne, kokte, ½ kopp	55
soyabønner, tørrstekt, 1 oz.	40
edamame, kokt, ½ kopp	16
soyaost, 1 oz.	2
soyaburger, 1 patty	5
Fermentert soyamat	Isoflavoninnhold (mg)
miso, 3 oz.	37
natto, 3 oz.	70
tempeh, kokt, 3 oz.	30
soyasaus, 1 ss	0,02

Kilde: Harvard THChan School of Public Health

Soyafytoøstrogener har blitt brukt for å kompensere for østrogenhormonmangel. Soyaprotein er en del av østrogenerstatningsterapi gitt til kvinner som går gjennom overgangsalderen (3).

Noen epidemiologiske studier antyder at kosttilskudd av fytoøstrogener kan redusere forekomsten av postmenopausal kardiovaskulær sykdom, osteoporose og hetetokter, blant andre symptomer. Kontrasterende data har også rapportert om potensialet for fytoøstrogener for å forhindre kreft i bryst og prostata (3).

Fordelene med soya har imidlertid vært uklare. Faktisk sier visse andre studier også at soyaprotein kan forårsake potensiell skade (3).

Hva skjer når du bruker soyabønner? Hva forårsaker bivirkningene?

Når du bruker soyabønner (soyaprotein) i noen form, binder soyaisoflavonene (fytoøstrogenene) til østrogenreseptorene i kroppen din. Disse fytoøstrogenene konkurrerer med det naturlige østrogenet om å binde seg til reseptorene. Dette resulterer i en svak østrogen eller anti-østrogen aktivitet. Med andre ord kan soyaisoflavoner gjøre det naturlige østrogen i kroppen din mindre effektiv (3), (4).

Slike interaksjoner kan føre til en hormonell ubalanse og forårsake kjønnsrelaterte endringer hos jenter. De kan også utøve anti-androgene effekter hos menn. Menn kan begynne å vokse bryster (gynekomasti) og oppleve en dukkert i sædkonsentrasjonen når de er på høyt soya diett (3).

Overdosering av isoflavon over en lang periode kan stimulere endometrium (livmor) og bryst hos kvinner. Derfor anbefales alle som har blitt behandlet for brystkreft å unngå soyaprotein (3).

Fytoøstrogener kan påvirke flere fysiologiske og patologiske prosesser i kroppen. Høye doser soyaisolater kan forårsake uønskede effekter på reproduksjon, hud, ombygging av bein, kardiovaskulær system, nervesystem, immunsystem og metabolisme.

La oss ta en nærmere titt på bivirkningene av soyabønner (soyaproteiner).

Hva er bivirkningene av soyabønner (soyaprotein)?

1. Kan forstyrre skjoldbruskregulering

Soy foods may increase the risk of developing hypothyroidism in people with compromised thyroid function. Such individuals may develop goiter and autoimmune thyroid disease. This risk further increases when the individual’s iodine intake is low (5).

Soy isoflavones have been found to inhibit the activity of an enzyme called thyroid peroxidase. This enzyme is required for the synthesis of the thyroid hormone. This is why you may face a risk of hypothyroidism when you eat a lot of soy protein (6).

Soy products also interfere with the absorption of levothyroxine (L-thyroxine), a drug used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency (7). Since soy proteins seem to alter the availability of the drugs, you may be advised against consuming soy protein if you have a thyroid imbalance.

Imidlertid ser bare et høyt inntak av soyaisoflavoner ikke ut til å øke risikoen for hypotyreose, med mindre det er kombinert med utilstrekkelig inntak av jod i kosten. Derfor er innflytelsen av soyaprotein på skjoldbruskkjertelen diskutabel. Mer forskning er berettiget i denne forbindelse.

2. Kan forårsake testosteron ubalanse

En studie ble utført på 12 mannlige forsøk som inntok 56 g soyaproteinisolat daglig i fire uker. Som et resultat falt serumtestosteronnivået med 19% (8). Selv om dataene var inkonsekvente, ble det funnet at soyaprotein reduserte serumtestosteronnivået hos friske menn.

Soyaprotein sies å ha skadelige effekter på den mannlige reproduksjonsfunksjonen. Imidlertid er det ingen spesifikke studier i denne forbindelse. Noen dyreforsøk sier faktisk at soyaisoflavoner ikke har noen feminiserende effekter på menn (9).

Most of the observations are based on lab and animal studies. Hence, the relationship between soy isoflavones and testosterone is inconclusive (10).

3. May Elicit Hypersensitivity (Allergy)

Soy products can cause allergies or hypersensitivity in children and adults. Often, soy allergy starts in infancy, with reaction to soy-Soy products that can cause allergies or hypersensitivity in children and adults. Often, soy allergy starts in infancy with a reaction to soy-based infant formula. However, most children outgrow soy allergy (11).

Generally, soy allergy is uncomfortable but not severe. An allergic reaction to soy is rarely frightening or lethal. Symptoms of soy allergy may include tingling in the mouth, eczema or itchy skin, wheezing, diarrhea, stomach ache, vomiting, and skin redness (flushing) (12).

If you experience any of these symptoms, you may have a soy allergy. Get tested to confirm the allergy. If tested positive, you may be advised against having soy products/isoflavones.

4. May Increase The Risk Of Cancer Proliferation

Soy isoflavones (one of them being genistein) may stimulate the proliferation of cancer cells in your body. This is especially true in the case of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, as soy isoflavones tend to have estrogenic effects (13).

As per animal studies, genistein may deregulate the cell cycle and trigger tumor development. It acts by triggering the estrogen receptors (14).

Contrarily, human studies show an inverse relationship between cancer and isoflavones. Soy intake was also found to reduce the incidence and death rate caused due to breast cancer. This could be because of the anti-estrogenic effect exerted by phytoestrogens (13).

The amount and source of soy isoflavones also greatly impact breast cancer risk (14).

5. May Trigger Alzheimer’s Dementia

Traditionally, soy foods were used in cooking only after fermenting. This two-step routine would destroy most of the anti-nutrients in soy, such as isoflavones (like genistein and daidzein) and DNA-altering enzymes (like topoisomerases) (15).

When you eat unfermented, cooked/uncooked soy foods, these anti-nutrients may affect the vital systems of your body, including your brain (15).

These anti-nutrients in soy could have detrimental effects on many individuals. Soy isoflavones could increase the risk of Alzheimer’s dementia (15).

If you are dealing with dementia or have a family history of this condition, it is safe to reduce your soy consumption (15).

6. May Cause Infant Health Issues

Infant food formulas contain fair amounts of soy protein/isoflavones. Infants who are fed these formulas are exposed to 5.7–11.9 mg isoflavones/kg body weight during the first four months of life (16).

These kids are exposed to 6–11 times higher levels of isoflavones than adults. This could lead to disturbances in the reproductive health and endocrine function in the child. The major isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, preferentially bind to the estrogen receptors in the body (16).

However, these conclusions are based on animal studies. Human studies may give a different picture. Moreover, currently available soy-based formulas show no overt toxicities in healthy infants (16), (17). Hence, check with your pediatrician before giving soy-based formulas to your child.

7. Unsure Osteoprotective Effects

Soy protein has shown to conserve bone mineral density, particularly in postmenopausal women. In perimenopausal women, the soy isoflavones were shown to prevent bone loss from the lumbar spine. These compounds had no significant effect (neither positive nor negative) on bone formation and/or bone resorption (18).

In some cases, the mineral balance could be impaired with soy consumption. Soybeans contain (by weight) about 1–3% phytic acid (also called phytate). Phytic acid is an anti-nutrient that binds to minerals like zinc, iron, and calcium. Along with soy isoflavones, phytic acid also may decrease their bioavailability (18).

However, a major chunk of literature highlights the osteoprotective effect of soy protein. Further research is needed to determine the precise impact of soy protein/foods on bone density and other related diseases (19).

Most of the research on soybeans and soy protein is still unclear. While in some studies they seem to promote health, certain other studies tend to state the potential harm they may cause. However, this does not mean you have to totally be off soy. There are a few specific soy products you may want to avoid.

Which Soy Products Should You Avoid?

Moderation is important, and so is eating right. Choosing the right kind of soy products can protect you from the adverse effects mentioned above.

When given a choice between natural soy foods and soy protein isolate, go for the natural options. Avoid industrial soy foods if you have iodine deficiency or thyroid imbalance (15).

Whole soy foods are mostly fermented and cooked in a healthier manner. You can take tofu, edamame, soy milk, tempeh, miso, and natto a few times every week.

How Much Soy Is Safe To Eat In A Day?

According to the US FDA, daily consumption of 25 g of soy seems to be safe. This amount of soy could also help lower cholesterol levels (20).

It also is believed that the intake of 50 g of soy protein per day could help prevent heart disease, diabetes, and estrogen-dependent cancers. However, more research is warranted.

There is limited information on the excess intake of soy protein/soybeans. But we don’t recommend you take more than 25 grams per day.

Is Eating Too Much Soy Harmful?

There is little information about the toxicity of soy protein. In limited doses, soy protein may be helpful for women who are at a high risk of breast cancer (21).

Some studies reported very few drug-related adverse events, which were mild. In very few cases, high levels of soy isoflavones adversely affected blood pressure levels (22).

Hence, it is important you talk to your healthcare provider about a suitable dosage for you.

Conclusion

Soy protein could be the reason Asians have historically had lower rates of cardiovascular disease. Their menopausal symptoms and incidence of breast cancer, diabetes, and obesity are also lower than their Western counterparts (23).

There is substantial yet unclear evidence stating the adverse effects of soybeans and soy protein/foods. Soy isoflavones may disturb the hormonal balance, stimulate cancer proliferation, and trigger allergies.

Hence, choose your soy portions carefully. Pick fermented soy foods over protein or isoflavone isolates. Follow the instructions by your physician/nutritionist and stick to the recommended intake limit.

23 sources

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